Source code for mxnet.gluon.parameter

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# coding: utf-8
# pylint: disable=
"""Neural network parameter."""
__all__ = ['DeferredInitializationError', 'Parameter', 'ParameterDict',
           'tensor_types']

from collections import OrderedDict
import warnings
import numpy as np


from ..base import mx_real_t, MXNetError
from .. import symbol, ndarray, initializer, context
from ..context import Context
from .. import autograd
from .utils import _indent

# pylint: disable= invalid-name
tensor_types = (symbol.Symbol, ndarray.NDArray)
# pylint: enable= invalid-name

[docs]class DeferredInitializationError(MXNetError): """Error for unfinished deferred initialization.""" pass
[docs]class Parameter(object): """A Container holding parameters (weights) of Blocks. :py:class:`Parameter` holds a copy of the parameter on each :py:class:`Context` after it is initialized with ``Parameter.initialize(...)``. If :py:attr:`grad_req` is not ``'null'``, it will also hold a gradient array on each :py:class:`Context`:: ctx = mx.gpu(0) x = mx.nd.zeros((16, 100), ctx=ctx) w = mx.gluon.Parameter('fc_weight', shape=(64, 100), init=mx.init.Xavier()) b = mx.gluon.Parameter('fc_bias', shape=(64,), init=mx.init.Zero()) w.initialize(ctx=ctx) b.initialize(ctx=ctx) out = mx.nd.FullyConnected(x, w.data(ctx), b.data(ctx), num_hidden=64) Parameters ---------- name : str Name of this parameter. grad_req : {'write', 'add', 'null'}, default 'write' Specifies how to update gradient to grad arrays. - ``'write'`` means everytime gradient is written to grad :py:class:`NDArray`. - ``'add'`` means everytime gradient is added to the grad :py:class:`NDArray`. You need to manually call ``zero_grad()`` to clear the gradient buffer before each iteration when using this option. - 'null' means gradient is not requested for this parameter. gradient arrays will not be allocated. shape : tuple of int, default None Shape of this parameter. By default shape is not specified. Parameter with unknown shape can be used for :py:class:`Symbol` API, but ``init`` will throw an error when using :py:class:`NDArray` API. dtype : numpy.dtype or str, default 'float32' Data type of this parameter. For example, ``numpy.float32`` or ``'float32'``. lr_mult : float, default 1.0 Learning rate multiplier. Learning rate will be multiplied by lr_mult when updating this parameter with optimizer. wd_mult : float, default 1.0 Weight decay multiplier (L2 regularizer coefficient). Works similar to lr_mult. init : Initializer, default None Initializer of this parameter. Will use the global initializer by default. Attributes ---------- grad_req : {'write', 'add', 'null'} This can be set before or after initialization. Setting ``grad_req`` to ``'null'`` with ``x.grad_req = 'null'`` saves memory and computation when you don't need gradient w.r.t x. lr_mult : float Local learning rate multiplier for this Parameter. The actual learning rate is calculated with ``learning_rate * lr_mult``. You can set it with ``param.lr_mult = 2.0`` wd_mult : float Local weight decay multiplier for this Parameter. """ def __init__(self, name, grad_req='write', shape=None, dtype=mx_real_t, lr_mult=1.0, wd_mult=1.0, init=None, allow_deferred_init=False, differentiable=True): self._var = None self._data = None self._grad = None self._ctx_list = None self._ctx_map = None self._deferred_init = () self._differentiable = differentiable self._allow_deferred_init = allow_deferred_init self._grad_req = None self._shape = shape self.name = name self.dtype = dtype self.lr_mult = lr_mult self.wd_mult = wd_mult self.grad_req = grad_req self.init = init def __repr__(self): s = 'Parameter {name} (shape={shape}, dtype={dtype})' return s.format(name=self.name, shape=self.shape, dtype=self.dtype) @property def grad_req(self): return self._grad_req @grad_req.setter def grad_req(self, req): assert req in ['write', 'add', 'null'], \ "grad_req must be one of write, add, or null, but got %s"%req if not self._differentiable: req = 'null' if self._grad_req == req: return self._grad_req = req if req == 'null' and self._grad is not None: self._grad = None self._data = [i.detach() for i in self._data] elif self._data is not None: self._init_grad() @property def shape(self): return self._shape @shape.setter def shape(self, new_shape): if self._shape is None: self._shape = new_shape return assert len(self._shape) == len(new_shape) and \ all(j == 0 or i == j for i, j in zip(new_shape, self._shape)), \ "Expected shape %s is incompatible with given shape %s."%( str(new_shape), str(self._shape)) self._shape = new_shape def _check_and_get(self, arr_list, ctx): if arr_list is not None: if ctx is list: return arr_list if ctx is None: if len(arr_list) == 1: return arr_list[0] else: ctx = context.current_context() if ctx.device_typeid < len(self._ctx_map): ctx_list = self._ctx_map[ctx.device_typeid] if ctx.device_id < len(ctx_list): idx = ctx_list[ctx.device_id] if idx is not None: return arr_list[idx] raise RuntimeError( "Parameter %s was not initialized on context %s. " "It was only initialized on %s."%( self.name, str(ctx), str(self._ctx_list))) if self._deferred_init: raise DeferredInitializationError( "Parameter %s has not been initialized yet because initialization was " \ "deferred. Actual initialization happens during the first forward pass. " \ "Please pass one batch of data through the network before accessing Parameters. " \ "You can also avoid deferred initialization by specifying in_units, " \ "num_features, etc., for network layers."%(self.name)) raise RuntimeError( "Parameter %s has not been initialized. Note that " \ "you should initialize parameters and create Trainer " \ "with Block.collect_params() instead of Block.params " \ "because the later does not include Parameters of " \ "nested child Blocks"%(self.name)) def _load_init(self, data, ctx): """(Re)initializes by loading from data.""" if self.shape: for self_dim, data_dim in zip(self.shape, data.shape): assert self_dim == 0 or self_dim == data_dim, \ "Failed loading Parameter %s from saved params: " \ "shape incompatible expacted %s vs saved %s"%( self.name, str(self.shape), str(data.shape)) self.shape = tuple(i if i != 0 else j for i, j in zip(self.shape, data.shape)) if self.dtype: assert np.dtype(self.dtype).type == data.dtype, \ "Failed loading Parameter %s from saved params: " \ "dtype incompatible expacted %s vs saved %s"%( self.name, str(self.dtype), str(data.dtype)) if isinstance(ctx, Context): ctx = [ctx] if self._data is None: if self._deferred_init: assert set(ctx) == set(self._deferred_init[1]), \ "Failed to load Parameter %s on %s because it was " \ "previous initialized on %s."%( self.name, str(ctx), str(self.list_ctx())) self._init_impl(data, ctx) else: assert set(ctx) == set(self.list_ctx()), \ "Failed to load Parameter %s on %s because it was " \ "previous initialized on %s."%( self.name, str(ctx), str(self.list_ctx())) self.set_data(data) self._deferred_init = () def _finish_deferred_init(self): """Finishes deferred initialization.""" if not self._deferred_init: return init, ctx, default_init, data = self._deferred_init self._deferred_init = () assert self.shape is not None and np.prod(self.shape) > 0, \ "Cannot initialize Parameter %s because it has " \ "invalid shape: %s. Please specify in_units, " \ "in_channels, etc for `Block`s."%( self.name, str(self.shape)) with autograd.pause(): if data is None: data = ndarray.zeros(shape=self.shape, dtype=self.dtype, ctx=context.cpu()) initializer.create(default_init)( initializer.InitDesc(self.name, {'__init__': init}), data) self._init_impl(data, ctx) def _init_impl(self, data, ctx_list): """Sets data and grad.""" self._ctx_list = list(ctx_list) self._ctx_map = [] for i, ctx in enumerate(self._ctx_list): while len(self._ctx_map) <= ctx.device_typeid: self._ctx_map.append([]) dev_list = self._ctx_map[ctx.device_typeid] while len(dev_list) <= ctx.device_id: dev_list.append(None) dev_list[ctx.device_id] = i self._data = [data.copyto(ctx) for ctx in self._ctx_list] self._init_grad() def _init_grad(self): """Initialize grad buffers.""" if self.grad_req == 'null': self._grad = None return self._grad = [ndarray.zeros_like(i) for i in self._data] autograd.mark_variables(self.list_data(), self.list_grad(), self.grad_req) def _reduce(self): """Reduce data from multiple context.""" block = self.list_data() data = ndarray.add_n(*(w.copyto(context.cpu()) for w in block)) / len(block) return data
[docs] def initialize(self, init=None, ctx=None, default_init=initializer.Uniform(), force_reinit=False): """Initializes parameter and gradient arrays. Only used for :py:class:`NDArray` API. Parameters ---------- init : Initializer The initializer to use. Overrides :py:meth:`Parameter.init` and default_init. ctx : Context or list of Context, defaults to :py:meth:`context.current_context()`. Initialize Parameter on given context. If ctx is a list of Context, a copy will be made for each context. .. note:: Copies are independent arrays. User is responsible for keeping their values consistent when updating. Normally :py:class:`gluon.Trainer` does this for you. default_init : Initializer Default initializer is used when both :py:func:`init` and :py:meth:`Parameter.init` are ``None``. force_reinit : bool, default False Whether to force re-initialization if parameter is already initialized. Examples -------- >>> weight = mx.gluon.Parameter('weight', shape=(2, 2)) >>> weight.initialize(ctx=mx.cpu(0)) >>> weight.data() [[-0.01068833 0.01729892] [ 0.02042518 -0.01618656]] >>> weight.grad() [[ 0. 0.] [ 0. 0.]] >>> weight.initialize(ctx=[mx.gpu(0), mx.gpu(1)]) >>> weight.data(mx.gpu(0)) [[-0.00873779 -0.02834515] [ 0.05484822 -0.06206018]] >>> weight.data(mx.gpu(1)) [[-0.00873779 -0.02834515] [ 0.05484822 -0.06206018]] """ if self._data is not None and not force_reinit: warnings.warn("Parameter %s is already initialized, ignoring. " \ "Set force_reinit=True to re-initialize."%self.name) return self._data = self._grad = None if ctx is None: ctx = [context.current_context()] if isinstance(ctx, Context): ctx = [ctx] if init is None: init = default_init if self.init is None else self.init if not self.shape or np.prod(self.shape) <= 0: if self._allow_deferred_init: self._deferred_init = (init, ctx, default_init, None) return raise ValueError("Cannot initialize Parameter %s because it has " \ "invalid shape: %s."%(self.name, str(self.shape))) self._deferred_init = (init, ctx, default_init, None) self._finish_deferred_init()
[docs] def reset_ctx(self, ctx): """Re-assign Parameter to other contexts. ctx : Context or list of Context, default ``context.current_context()``. Assign Parameter to given context. If ctx is a list of Context, a copy will be made for each context. """ if ctx is None: ctx = [context.current_context()] if isinstance(ctx, Context): ctx = [ctx] if self._data: data = self._reduce() with autograd.pause(): self._init_impl(data, ctx) elif self._deferred_init: init, _, default_init, data = self._deferred_init self._deferred_init = (init, ctx, default_init, data) else: raise ValueError("Cannot reset context for Parameter %s because it " "has not been initialized."%self.name)
[docs] def set_data(self, data): """Sets this parameter's value on all contexts.""" self.shape = data.shape if self._data is None: assert self._deferred_init is not None, \ "Parameter %s has not been initialized"%self.name self._deferred_init = self._deferred_init[:3] + (data,) return for arr in self.list_data(): arr[:] = data
[docs] def data(self, ctx=None): """Returns a copy of this parameter on one context. Must have been initialized on this context before. Parameters ---------- ctx : Context Desired context. Returns ------- NDArray on ctx """ return self._check_and_get(self._data, ctx)
[docs] def list_data(self): """Returns copies of this parameter on all contexts, in the same order as creation.""" return self._check_and_get(self._data, list)
[docs] def grad(self, ctx=None): """Returns a gradient buffer for this parameter on one context. Parameters ---------- ctx : Context Desired context. """ if self._data is not None and self._grad is None: raise RuntimeError( "Cannot get gradient array for Parameter %s " \ "because grad_req='null'"%(self.name)) return self._check_and_get(self._grad, ctx)
[docs] def list_grad(self): """Returns gradient buffers on all contexts, in the same order as :py:meth:`values`.""" if self._data is not None and self._grad is None: raise RuntimeError( "Cannot get gradient array for Parameter %s " \ "because grad_req='null'"%(self.name)) return self._check_and_get(self._grad, list)
[docs] def list_ctx(self): """Returns a list of contexts this parameter is initialized on.""" if self._data is None: if self._deferred_init: return self._deferred_init[1] raise RuntimeError("Parameter %s has not been initialized"%self.name) return self._ctx_list
[docs] def zero_grad(self): """Sets gradient buffer on all contexts to 0. No action is taken if parameter is uninitialized or doesn't require gradient.""" if self._grad is None: return for i in self._grad: i[:] = 0
[docs] def var(self): """Returns a symbol representing this parameter.""" if self._var is None: self._var = symbol.var(self.name, shape=self.shape, dtype=self.dtype, lr_mult=self.lr_mult, wd_mult=self.wd_mult, init=self.init) return self._var
[docs] def cast(self, dtype): """Cast data and gradient of this Parameter to a new data type. Parameters ---------- dtype : str or numpy.dtype The new data type. """ self.dtype = dtype if self._data is None: return with autograd.pause(): self._data = [i.astype(dtype) for i in self._data] if self._grad is None: return self._grad = [i.astype(dtype) for i in self._grad] autograd.mark_variables(self._data, self._grad, self.grad_req)
[docs]class ParameterDict(object): """A dictionary managing a set of parameters. Parameters ---------- prefix : str, default ``''`` The prefix to be prepended to all Parameters' names created by this dict. shared : ParameterDict or None If not ``None``, when this dict's :py:meth:`get` method creates a new parameter, will first try to retrieve it from "shared" dict. Usually used for sharing parameters with another Block. """ def __init__(self, prefix='', shared=None): self._prefix = prefix self._params = OrderedDict() self._shared = shared def __repr__(self): s = '{name}(\n{content}\n)' name = self._prefix+' ' if self._prefix else '' return s.format(name=name, content='\n'.join([_indent(' {0}'.format(v), 2) for v in self.values()])) def __getitem__(self, key): return self._params[key] def __iter__(self): return iter(self._params) def items(self): return self._params.items() def keys(self): return self._params.keys() def values(self): return self._params.values() @property def prefix(self): """Prefix of this dict. It will be prepended to :py:class:`Parameter`s' name created with :py:func:`get`.""" return self._prefix def _get_impl(self, name): if name in self._params: return self._params[name] if self._shared is not None and name in self._shared._params: self._params[name] = self._shared._params[name] return self._shared._params[name] return None
[docs] def get(self, name, **kwargs): """Retrieves a :py:class:`Parameter` with name ``self.prefix+name``. If not found, :py:func:`get` will first try to retrieve it from "shared" dict. If still not found, :py:func:`get` will create a new :py:class:`Parameter` with key-word arguments and insert it to self. Parameters ---------- name : str Name of the desired Parameter. It will be prepended with this dictionary's prefix. **kwargs : dict The rest of key-word arguments for the created :py:class:`Parameter`. Returns ------- Parameter The created or retrieved :py:class:`Parameter`. """ name = self.prefix + name param = self._get_impl(name) if param is None: param = Parameter(name, **kwargs) self._params[name] = param else: for k, v in kwargs.items(): if hasattr(param, k) and getattr(param, k) is not None: assert v is None or v == getattr(param, k), \ "Cannot retrieve Parameter %s because desired attribute " \ "does not match with stored for attribute %s: " \ "desired %s vs stored %s."%( name, k, str(v), str(getattr(param, k))) else: setattr(param, k, v) return param
[docs] def update(self, other): """Copies all Parameters in ``other`` to self.""" for k, v in other.items(): if k in self._params: assert self._params[k] is v, \ "Cannot update self with other because they have different " \ "Parameters with the same name %s"%k else: self._params[k] = v
[docs] def initialize(self, init=initializer.Uniform(), ctx=None, verbose=False, force_reinit=False): """Initializes all Parameters managed by this dictionary to be used for :py:class:`NDArray` API. It has no effect when using :py:class:`Symbol` API. Parameters ---------- init : Initializer Global default Initializer to be used when :py:meth:`Parameter.init` is ``None``. Otherwise, :py:meth:`Parameter.init` takes precedence. ctx : Context or list of Context Keeps a copy of Parameters on one or many context(s). force_reinit : bool, default False Whether to force re-initialization if parameter is already initialized. """ if verbose: init.set_verbosity(verbose=verbose) for _, v in self.items(): v.initialize(None, ctx, init, force_reinit=force_reinit)
[docs] def zero_grad(self): """Sets all Parameters' gradient buffer to 0.""" for i in self.values(): i.zero_grad()
[docs] def reset_ctx(self, ctx): """Re-assign all Parameters to other contexts. ctx : Context or list of Context, default :py:meth:`context.current_context()`. Assign Parameter to given context. If ctx is a list of Context, a copy will be made for each context. """ for i in self.values(): i.reset_ctx(ctx)
[docs] def setattr(self, name, value): """Set an attribute to a new value for all Parameters. For example, set grad_req to null if you don't need gradient w.r.t a model's Parameters:: model.collect_params().setattr('grad_req', 'null') or change the learning rate multiplier:: model.collect_params().setattr('lr_mult', 0.5) Parameters ---------- name : str Name of the attribute. value : valid type for attribute name The new value for the attribute. """ for i in self.values(): setattr(i, name, value)
[docs] def save(self, filename, strip_prefix=''): """Save parameters to file. filename : str Path to parameter file. strip_prefix : str, default '' Strip prefix from parameter names before saving. """ arg_dict = {} for param in self.values(): weight = param._reduce() if not param.name.startswith(strip_prefix): raise ValueError( "Prefix %s is to be striped before saving, but Parameter " \ "%s does not start with %s. If you are using Block.save_params, " \ "This may be due to your Block shares parameters from other " \ "Blocks or you forgot to use ``with name_scope()`` during init. " \ "Consider switching to Block.collect_params.save and " \ "Block.collect_params.load instead."%( strip_prefix, param.name, strip_prefix)) arg_dict[param.name[len(strip_prefix):]] = weight ndarray.save(filename, arg_dict)
[docs] def load(self, filename, ctx, allow_missing=False, ignore_extra=False, restore_prefix=''): """Load parameters from file. filename : str Path to parameter file. ctx : Context or list of Context Context(s) initialize loaded parameters on. allow_missing : bool, default False Whether to silently skip loading parameters not represents in the file. ignore_extra : bool, default False Whether to silently ignore parameters from the file that are not present in this ParameterDict. restore_prefix : str, default '' prepend prefix to names of stored parameters before loading. """ if restore_prefix: for name in self.keys(): assert name.startswith(restore_prefix), \ "restore_prefix is %s but Parameters name %s does not start " \ "with %s"%(restore_prefix, name, restore_prefix) lprefix = len(restore_prefix) loaded = [(k[4:] if k.startswith('arg:') or k.startswith('aux:') else k, v) \ for k, v in ndarray.load(filename).items()] arg_dict = {restore_prefix+k: v for k, v in loaded} if not allow_missing: for name in self.keys(): assert name in arg_dict, \ "Parameter %s is missing in file %s"%(name[lprefix:], filename) for name in arg_dict: if name not in self._params: assert ignore_extra, \ "Parameter %s loaded from file %s is not present in ParameterDict"%( name[lprefix:], filename) continue self[name]._load_init(arg_dict[name], ctx)