# Symbol and Automatic Differentiation¶

The computational unit NDArray requires a way to construct neural networks. MXNet provides a symbolic interface, named Symbol, to do this. Symbol combines both flexibility and efficiency.

## Basic Composition of Symbols¶

The following code creates a two-layer perceptron network:

require(mxnet)
net <- mx.symbol.Variable("data")
net <- mx.symbol.FullyConnected(data=net, name="fc1", num_hidden=128)
net <- mx.symbol.Activation(data=net, name="relu1", act_type="relu")
net <- mx.symbol.FullyConnected(data=net, name="fc2", num_hidden=64)
net <- mx.symbol.Softmax(data=net, name="out")
class(net)

## [1] "Rcpp_MXSymbol"
## attr(,"package")
## [1] "mxnet"


Each symbol takes a (unique) string name. Variable often defines the inputs, or free variables. Other symbols take a symbol as the input (data), and may accept other hyper parameters, such as the number of hidden neurons (num_hidden) or the activation type (act_type).

A symbol can be viewed as a function that takes several arguments, whose names are automatically generated and can be retrieved with the following command:

arguments(net)

## [1] "data"       "fc1_weight" "fc1_bias"   "fc2_weight" "fc2_bias"
## [6] "out_label"


The arguments are the parameters need by each symbol:

• data: Input data needed by the variable data
• fc1_weight and fc1_bias: The weight and bias for the first fully connected layer, fc1
• fc2_weight and fc2_bias: The weight and bias for the second fully connected layer, fc2
• out_label: The label needed by the loss

We can also specify the automatically generated names explicitly:

data <- mx.symbol.Variable("data")
w <- mx.symbol.Variable("myweight")
net <- mx.symbol.FullyConnected(data=data, weight=w, name="fc1", num_hidden=128)
arguments(net)

## [1] "data"     "myweight" "fc1_bias"


## More Complicated Composition of Symbols¶

MXNet provides well-optimized symbols for commonly used layers in deep learning. You can also define new operators in Python. The following example first performs an element-wise add between two symbols, then feeds them to the fully connected operator:

lhs <- mx.symbol.Variable("data1")
rhs <- mx.symbol.Variable("data2")
net <- mx.symbol.FullyConnected(data=lhs + rhs, name="fc1", num_hidden=128)
arguments(net)

## [1] "data1"      "data2"      "fc1_weight" "fc1_bias"


We can construct a symbol more flexibly than by using the single forward composition, for example:

net <- mx.symbol.Variable("data")
net <- mx.symbol.FullyConnected(data=net, name="fc1", num_hidden=128)
net2 <- mx.symbol.Variable("data2")
net2 <- mx.symbol.FullyConnected(data=net2, name="net2", num_hidden=128)
composed.net <- mx.apply(net, data=net2, name="compose")
arguments(composed.net)

## [1] "data2"       "net2_weight" "net2_bias"   "fc1_weight"  "fc1_bias"


In the example, net is used as a function to apply to an existing symbol net. The resulting composed.net will replace the original argument data with net2 instead.

## Training a Neural Net¶

The model API is a thin wrapper around the symbolic executors to support neural net training.

We encourage you to read Symbolic Configuration and Execution in Pictures for python packagefor a detailed explanation of concepts in pictures.

## How Efficient Is the Symbolic API?¶

The Symbolic API brings the efficient C++ operations in powerful toolkits, such as CXXNet and Caffe, together with the flexible dynamic NDArray operations. All of the memory and computation resources are allocated statically during bind operations, to maximize runtime performance and memory utilization.

The coarse-grained operators are equivalent to CXXNet layers, which are extremely efficient. We also provide fine-grained operators for more flexible composition. Because MXNet does more in-place memory allocation, it can be more memory efficient than CXXNet and gets to the same runtime with greater flexibility.